题目内容：

When it comes to gift-giving, not only must the gift giver attempt to infer the recipient's(接受者的) tastes, needs, desires, and reactions, the gift selection may also be affected by the information which it would appear to convey about the giver and the giver-recipient relationship. The ancient practice of gift-giving is still common and important in modern cultures. For instance, Lowes Turner. and Willis (1971) mention a series of British Gallup Polls from 1963-1967, in which it was found that over 90 percent of the adult population did some Christmas gift-giving each year.

Gift-giving has been treated from a variety of related theoretical aspects. A famous theoretical analysis of the gift-giving process is an essay by French anthropologist- sociologist Marcell Mauss(1923). Based on his examination of gift-giving, Mauss concluded that gift-giving is a self-perpetuating(不停的) system of reciprocity. More specifically, Mauss summarized three types of obligations (义务): the obligation to give; the obligation to receive; the obligation to repay.

The obligation to give may be based on moral or religious necessities, with the need to recognize and keep a status hierarchy(等级制度) or the need to establish or keep peaceful relations. Receiving is seen as similarly obligatory. Mauss noted however that there is a certain tension created in receiving a gift since acceptance is an implied recognition of dependence on the giver. This tension may then be reduced by meeting the third obligation, the obligation to repay. Failure to repay or failure to repay adequately results in a loss of status and self-esteem. Adequate or overly adequate repayment, on the other hand, creates an obligation to repay on the part of the original giver, and the cycle is reinitiated.

Schwartz (1967) noted that beyond the functions served by the general process of gift exchange, the characteristics of the gift itself also act as a powerful statement of the giver’s perception(洞察力) of the recipient. He also suggested that acceptance of a particular gift constitutes an acknowledgment and acceptance of the identity that the gift is seen to imply. Among children this may lead to lasting changes in self-perceptions, but probably gifts have less influence on the self- concept of an adult.

There can be little doubt that gift-giving is a common experience in human life and consumer behavior.

1.What does the author want to stress by mentioning the example in Paragraph 1?

A. The anxiety between gift-givers and receivers.

B. The recent increase in gift-giving around Christmas time.

C. The common practice of gift-giving on special occasions.

D. The differences in gift-giving between ancient and modern times.

2.We can conclude that Mauss suggests a self-perpetuating system of reciprocity ______.

A. requires equal participation in a relationship

B. functions as a form of showing different status

C. shows an increasing amount of pressure on gift-giving

D. is a form of communication between gift-givers and recipients

3.What does the underlined word “ reinitiated” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A. Started again.    B. Prevented again.    C. Examined again.    D. Explained again.

4.How would Schwartz describe the gift-exchange process?

A. Stressful.    B. Symbolic.    C. Accidental.    D. Discouraging