题目内容：

    When people find themselves in difficult conflicts, they often turn to mediation(调解). Mediator are advised to listen attentively, avoid favoring the ideas of one party, and make both sides feel at ease. Surprisingly, new research that my colleagues and I conducted shows that, to effectively help people settle their conflicts, mediators  should adopt a hostile(敌对的 ) attitude rather- than a calming one. A hostile mediator, we find, brings better results than a nice one

Why would adding more negativity to an already hostile situation prove beneficial? Consider how parents typically react when they can't get their children to stop quarreling: "I don't care who started it, both of you, go to your rooms!" At first sight, a calm mediator seems likely to be more effective. But as anyone with brothers or sisters knows, parents' seemingly unsympathetic treatment ofthe situation can have an unusual effect,

In our research, we created situations in which pairs ofnegotiators were part ofa heated conflict.In some cases, the mediator had a "nice" approach-calm and polite. In others, he was hostile-aggressive and somewhat rude. Across different types of conflicts, we found that negotiators were more willing and able to reach an agreement in the presence of a hostile mediator than in the presence of a nice one.

The main result ofthe test is not that hostility pays off. In fact, recent research has documented the social costs of negative behavior. For example, being the target ofrude behavior reduces people's performance on a variety oftasks. Other research shows the social benefits ofpositive behavior.People are more likely to close deals and become future business partners.

Even with the widespread social benefits ofpositive behavior and costs ofnegative behavior, hostility can pay offin certain situations.

1.What is the parents' settlement ofconflicts in paragraph 2?

A. It's calming and wise

B. It's arbitrary but effective.

C. It's commonly adopted.

D. It harms family relationship

2.How does the author support his viewpoints?

A. By giving examples and experimenting.

B. By analyzing causes and effects.

C. By presenting facts.

D. By making comparison/

3.Which best describes the author's attitude in the text?

A. Concerned. B. Doubtful.

C. Objective D. Positive.

4.What could be the title ofthe text?

A. The Significance of Effective Mediation

B. The Costs ofNegative Behavior

C. The Benefits ofPositive Behavior

D. The Surprising Power of Hostility