题目内容：

Differences in land usage, building height, tree cover, rooftop color, and even how orderly the streets are all have an effect on temperature. Taken together, these factors can result in hyper-localized differences in the heat felt throughout a city, which in turn can have a big effect on who's most threatened by heatwaves. That is why citizen scientists are starting to map the urban heat island effect.

Later this month, a team of researchers and about 20 volunteers will spread out across Washington D.C. and Baltimore to take the cities’ temperatures. Equipped with instruments that record temperature data every second, they’ll drive or bike the same route three times to create a snapshot(快照) of how temperatures vary throughout the day. Those snapshots will then be collected to produce detailed maps of heat differences.

“If similar research conducted in Richmond, Virginia last July is any guide, those differences can be quite large. Temperatures in more industrial parts of Richmond reached 102°F (38.9°C) on the same day that a nearby shade-filled park topped out at 87°F (30.6°C)”, said Jeremy Hoffman, a researcher with the Science Museum of Virginia.

Based on the data collected throughout Richmond last year, project member Vivek Shandas at Portland State University and his colleagues were able to produce maps of urban heat across the city as well as heat vulnerability(脆弱性), which takes socioeconomic differences into account. Those maps are now being used to inform a citywide master plan update and a climate resilience(复原) plan.

Shandas and Hoffman plan to produce similar maps from this month's campaigns in D.C. and Baltimore. Finally, the two are hoping to scale up this effort even further. Shandas said he wish to create an off-the-shelf set of guidelines that any city can use to launch its own heat island campaign and generate citywide temperature maps.

Hoffman sees this as a way to help people to relate climate change to their own lives, and then actually do something about it. "The volunteers serve as a feedback mechanism to spread the findings," he said. "We can do heat island assessments using satellites, but we want a team of volunteers measuring temperatures in their neighborhoods to gain a better understanding of where they live."

1.The heat differences throughout the city result from the following factors except ________.

A. height of buildings    B. usage of land

C. layout of streets    D. social economy

2.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. In Richmond, the difference of temperature between industrial parts and the nearby park can reach 15°C on the same day.

B. The maps of heat differences across Richmond make little contributions to the city plans.

C. The researchers will appoint volunteers to take the temperatures in

D. C. and Baltimore to cut down the expense.

3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “off-the-shelf” in paragraph 5?

A. superb    B. available

C. tough    D. random